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Physical examination and baseline investigations

Essential points for quick revision.

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Physiological instability or acute brain syndrome

Abnormal airway, breathing or circulation, hypoglycaemia, hyperthermia, fluctuating consciousness, seizure, focal deficit, severe rigidity or suspected poisoning requires emergency medical care before psychiatric placement.

Action: Use ABCDE, obtain bedside glucose and observations, call appropriate emergency support and begin cause-directed treatment. Preserve samples and toxicology information when relevant, use safe restraint only if immediately necessary, and ensure transfer to a setting able to manage the physical risk.

Synopsis

Use history-led physical examination and proportionate baseline tests to identify acute medical or neurological causes, establish safe treatment parameters and avoid both diagnostic overshadowing and indiscriminate investigation in psychiatric presentations.

  • Start with vital signs, oxygen saturation, consciousness and bedside glucose when illness, intoxication, withdrawal or altered behaviour could reflect physiological disturbance.
  • Perform a complete examination when presentation is acute or unexplained, adding focused neurological, cardiovascular, endocrine, injury, infection and nutritional assessment from the history.
  • Select tests to answer stated questions; there is no universal blood panel that proves a presentation is medically cleared for psychiatric care.

Key red flags

First psychiatric symptoms after age 40, abrupt onset, rapid progression or prominent cognitive change should lower the threshold for medical and neurological investigation.

Investigation priorities

01
Immediate observations and bedside glucoseFirst step

Identify hypoxia, fever, hypotension, tachycardia, hypoglycaemia and altered consciousness requiring emergency treatment.

Management branches

Acute presentationStabilise before psychiatric attribution

Behavioural or mental-state change is sudden, severe, fluctuating or accompanied by physical warning features.

  1. Use ABCDE, observations, glucose and focused history for medicines, substances, trauma, seizure, infection and baseline cognition.
  2. Perform targeted physical and neurological examination and request time-critical tests based on the suspected syndrome.
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Sources and review status4 sources · checked 27 Aug 2026 · clinical review pending
Sources

Sources and review status

National guidance is shown before implementation-dependent detail. Typical adult dose examples remain subject to patient factors, contraindications and the live BNF or specialist protocol. Source check completed 27 Aug 2026; clinical approval remains outstanding.

Authoring stateRapid draftClinical stateAwaiting reviewJurisdictionUnited Kingdom